By: TOEFL consultant
1. Using too many words like the original takes place.
2. Leaving the great information happens.
3. The paraphrase changes the original meaning.
4. Copying the original takes place.
Here, we present some cases in paraphrasing problems.
1. Original:
Proteins are molecules that regulate the movement of materials across cell walls.
Paraphrase:
Molecules that regulate the movement of materials across cell walls are proteins.
Problems:
Using too many words like the original takes place.
The paraphrase is like the original. The word “proteins” move into the subject position.
Original:
Proteins are molecules that regulate the movement of materials across cell walls.
Edited paraphrase:
Molecules that function as regulators in the transmission of substances across cell walls are known as proteins.
Analyses:
Molecules became the subject.
Proteins became the object.
Common vocabularies take synonyms.
2. Original:
The invention of the steam engine played a major role in the Industrial Revolution because it caused the factory system to extend itself to many areas of production apart from the cotton industry.
Paraphrase:
The invention of the steam engine was a primary influence in the Industrial Revolution.
Problems:
Leaving the great information happens.
The passage of the paraphrase doesn’t involve the important information like “factory system” and “the cotton industry.”
Original:
The invention of the steam engine played a major role in the Industrial Revolution because it caused the factory system to extend itself to many areas of production apart from the cotton industry.
Edited paraphrase:
The factory system spread across a large number of enterprises in addition to cotton manufacturing as a result of the introduction of steam engines.
Analyses:
The edited passage consists of causes and effects by using other structures.
3. Original:
Although big companies are trying to maintain a balance between traditional advertising and some of the newer alternatives like blogging, it is often the smaller entrepreneurs who are using bloggers as an efficient way to stack their competition.
Paraphrase:
Big companies are using bloggers to defeat their smaller rivals.
Problems:
The paraphrase changes the original meaning.
Original:
Although big companies are trying to maintain a balance between traditional advertising and some of the newer alternatives like blogging, it is often the smaller entrepreneurs who are using bloggers as an efficient way to stack their competition.
Edited paraphrase:
Small enterprises are frequently using bloggers to compete effectively with large businesses that are still employing more conventional marketing strategies as well as some of the more recent options.
Analyses:
The original meaning still holds.
4. Original:
Fossils of bones have the appearance of stone, but the holes and pores are actually infused with mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments.
Paraphrase:
Fossils of bones look like stone, but there are mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments in the holes and pores.
Problems:
Using too many words like the original happens.
Original:
Fossils of bones have the appearance of stone, but the holes and pores are actually infused with mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments.
Edited paraphrase:
Although fossilized bones may look like stone, minerals from sedimentary material fill the spaces.
Analyses:
Common vocabularies take synonyms.
The expression “holes and pores” take the synonym “the space.”
5. Original:
Pictograms found in many parts of the world about 1500 B.C. constitute the earliest system of writing, although written symbols have been discovered that date from as early as 3500 B.C.
Paraphrase:
Pictograms found in various parts of the world are the earliest evidence of a written system despite the discovery of written symbols.
Problems:
Leaving the date information takes place.
Original:
Pictograms found in many parts of the world about 1500 B.C. constitute the earliest system of writing, although written symbols have been discovered that date from as early as 3500 B.C.
Edited paraphrase:
About 3500 B.C., two thousand years after written symbols were introduced in 1500 B.C., the first pictographic writing system appeared simultaneously in various regions of the known world.
Analyses:
The important point of the date is a must.
6. Original:
The modern atmosphere is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history of the Earth.
Paraphrase:
The modern atmosphere is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history of the Earth.
Problems:
Copying the original takes place.
Original:
The modern atmosphere is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history of the Earth.
Edited paraphrase:
In all likelihood, the Earth’s current atmosphere was preceded by three earlier atmospheres.
Analyses:
The edited structures take other expressions.
7. Original:
Whereas alcohol is a depressant, coffee is a stimulant.
Paraphrase:
Alcohol is not like coffee.
Problems:
Leaving the important information takes place.
Original:
Whereas alcohol is a depressant, coffee is a stimulant.
Edited paraphrase:
Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, but coffee increases neural transmission.
Analyses:
The controlling idea indicates the important information.
8. Original:
The Pacific Basin, which includes the continent of Australia and the thousands of islands grouped together as Oceania, covers one third of the surface of the Earth.
Paraphrase:
The Pacific Basin is also called Oceania because it encompasses one third of the Pacific Ocean.
Problems:
The paraphrase changes the original meaning.
The paraphrase changes the meaning of “the area is one third of the surface of the Earth” into “one third of the Pacific Ocean.”
Original:
The Pacific Basin, which includes the continent of Australia and the thousands of islands grouped together as Oceania, covers one third of the surface of the Earth.
Edited paraphrase:
Australia and the islands of Oceania comprise the Pacific Basin, an area that encompasses about 33 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Analyses:
The original meaning holds.
9. Original:
In fresco painting, the pigments may be mixed with water and applied to the plaster before it dries so that the lime in the plaster fuses with the pigments on the surface.
Paraphrase:
The lime in wet plaster bonds with the pigments on the surface when the colors are mixed.
Problems:
Leaving the important information happens.
Original:
In fresco painting, the pigments may be mixed with water and applied to the plaster before it dries so that the lime in the plaster fuses with the pigments on the surface.
Edited paraphrase:
The lime in wet plaster bonds with the colors on the surface when the paints are mixed for frescos.
Analyses:
The process of painting includes fresco information.
10. Original:
As Linnaeus originally conceived the biological classification chart, he segregated all living creatures solely according to their degree of physical similarity.
Paraphrase:
Linnaeus originally created the biological classification chart by categorizing all living creatures according to their degree of physical similarity.
Problems:
Using too many words like the original happens.
Original:
As Linnaeus originally conceived the biological classification chart, he segregated all living creatures solely according to their degree of physical similarity.
Edited paraphrase:
The Linnaean chart used to classify all biological species was initially created to categorize each specimen in conformity with its resemblance to other organisms.
Analyses:
The paraphrase does change the grammatical structure.
References
J. Sharpe, Pamela. 2007. Pass Key to The TOEFL iBT: Sixth Edition. Binarupa Aksara: Indonesia.
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